Arete, translated as virtue in Homer and Plato etc. Actually meant excellence, greatness, virtue in the sense of power and influence for the good. Sort of…there is no such thing as pure translation.
Meno
Meno, student of the sophist Gorgias. Meno asks Socrates if virtue can be taught. Actually arete, or excellence or greatness or power etc). Socrates reduces Meno to aporia (via the business of questioning him on nature of virtue). He demonstrates that there is innate knowledge (anamnesis) by the “Socratic Method” whereby he questions the “Boy”, one of Meno’s slaves, regarding the doubling of a square. Or some such—the Boy had more innate knowledge than I have because he lost me not that. He also goes into epistemology. There is true belief, but that is not knowledge. And then there is Meno’s paradox, you cannot search for what you know, because you know it, but you also cannot search for what you don’t know because you don’t know it and don’t know what you are looking for. This is resolved by explaining that you do not have to know something to search for it, you just have to have true beliefs to lead you to knowledge. Read Meno here.
Logos
Logos. In the beginning was the Word Logos as a principle was first used by the obtuse Heraclitus, but it has more meanings than a cat has lives. I like to view it as the Greek version of karma, not the only way in which Heraclitus resembles the thinkers in India. Still an item of debate and exposition but far above my pay grade. Look at logos on the Wiki or check the Stanford Encyc of Philosophy search logos
Heraclitus
Heraclitus, pre-Socratic. “The Puzzler.” We are all asleep, wake up and understand the logos (q.v.) which, of course he does not clearly explain. From Ephesus in Asia Minor. Did he meet up with Siddhartha, the Buddha? Well he did believe in an essential principle or or “harmonia‘ to the world. The ever changing reality. Famous for
You can’t step in the same river twice.
Here is some of the discussion on Coursera from Prof Susan S Meyer
Fragments
Fragments, partial actual writings of pre-Socratic philos. In pre-Socratic studies, are fragments are coded by Diels and Kranz with DKB plus the line number.
Testimonia
Testimonia, in pre-Socratic studies, are comments by other philos about the pre-Socs, coded by Diels and Kranz with DKA plus the line number
Xenophanes
Xenophanes, pre-Socratic. Sixth cent. Greek from Colophon. Explored epistemology-there was a deeper truth that we could not completely know. Posited there may be only one big god, almost pantheistic like Spinoza. Skeptic about religious belief, particularly anthropomorphism:
But if cattle or lions had hands, so as to paint with their hands and produce works of art as men do, they would paint their gods and give them bodies in form like their own—horses like horses, cattle like cattle.
Rule of Parsimony
Same as Occam’s Razor, only more impressive.
Solecism
Solecism. I was surprised to discover, via Merriam-Webster’s word-of-the-day, that solecism is a toponym. It derives from the Greek term soloikos, or citizen of Soloi, one of the many cities in ancient Greece. The arrogant Athenians (well, they had a right to think well of themselves) were critical of the speech of the Soloikos, viewing them as unlearned and grammatically challenged. Greeks also had a word for anybody at all who wasn’t Greek: barbaros: that is, a barbarian. Barbarian is an onomatopoetic word used by the Greeks (probably from an earlier Sanskrit version) that imitates what the speaker thinks of foreign speech. Bar-bar. It’s sort of like murmur, only insulting. Don’t please confuse this with solipsism.
Physiologia
Physiologia (naturalist inquiry) as practiced by the Milesians: inquiry into the internal principles of the natural world
Two Strikes 